Logical Reasoning STEM Practice Test

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• If P → Q and not Q, what can be concluded about P?
• In a valid argument, if the premises are true, what can be said about the conclusion?
• From No A are B and No B are C, can we conclude No A are C?
• Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence against the argument?
• If P is true and Q is true, what is the truth value of P ∨ Q?
• If P is false, what can be concluded about P -> Q?
• If P ↔ Q is true, what does this say about P and Q?
• In principle-conform questions, if the stimulus provides a general rule, what should you pick?
• No A are B. Some C are A. What can be concluded about Some C and not B?
• Which one, if established, does most to justify the position advanced by the passage?
• A marketing campaign claims to boost brand awareness by 25% in four weeks.
• P XOR Q is true if exactly one is true. If P is true and Q is false, is P XOR Q true?
• How many 2-item combinations can be formed from 4 distinct items?
• If a student passes, they may enroll in an advanced course. What can we deduce if the student passes?
• Online courses are as effective as in-person courses, as shown by completion rates.
• Which type of reasoning is most likely to appear in Method of Reasoning questions?
• Which of the following would best avoid a causal fallacy when interpreting data showing correlation?
• Which of the following would most weaken the argument?
• A company claims that its new safety training reduces workplace accidents by 40%. The company argues that the training should be adopted for all employees.
• A local bakery claims its sourdough bread is healthier because it is fermented naturally.
• Given All A are B and Some B are C, does Some A are C necessarily?
• If Task 1 must precede Task 2 and Task 3, with no order between Task 2 and Task 3, how many valid total orders exist?
• If a sequence doubles each step starting with 3, what is the 4th term?
• Joshua's statement that 'this claim simply cannot be proved' plays which role in his argument?
• Some scientists are not mathematicians. All mathematicians use formal logic. Which statement is most strongly supported?
• Which argument is most parallel to the one that generalizes from a single pilot project to a full rollout?
• In a dialogue about a drug's efficacy, Heather says the drug is effective, Mike says it is not. Which statement about their disagreement is most supported?
• Is oxygen a necessary condition for combustion?
• What is a hallmark of a question that targets the 'Method of Reasoning' rather than 'Strengthen/Weaken'?
• You need to find the answer choice that can be supported with direct evidence from the stimulus. If the answer you are looking at could potentially be false, then it does not have to be true, and is incorrect.
• A common flaw in reasoning occurs when an argument relies on a single instance to generalize. This is most similar to which flaw?
• Which argument most closely parallels the professor's argument that a small pilot study proves the entire plan will work?
• Which of the following, if true, would most clearly reconcile the statements by showing they refer to the same metric?
• Which, if true, most helps explain the finding of the caffeine study?
• A drug maker claims its drug is effective because a trial showed improved outcomes.
• Exactly two of P, Q, R are true. If P and Q are true, what is R?
• Which principle best captures the idea that conclusions must be supported by evidence?
• If A -> B and B -> C, what follows from A?
• If P is true and Q is false, what is P ∧ Q?
• If P is true and Q is true, what is the truth value of P ∧ Q?
• In a good Evaluate The Argument item, the correct answer should be which of the following relative to the conclusion?
• If P is false and Q is true, is P ∨ Q true?
• From No A are B and No B are C, which of the following can be concluded?
• Two coins flipped: what is the probability of exactly one head?
• All A are B. Some C are A. What can be concluded about Some C are B?
• All M are N. Some N are not M. Is the set of statements consistent?
• In a Principle Conform problem, when the stimulus presents a specific situation, which option best describes the correct target?
• William and Max disagree about whether the market will grow next quarter.
• Task order problem: Task1 must be completed before Task2 and Task3; Tasks 2 and 3 are independent of each other. How many valid total orders exist for the three tasks?
• The claim that taxes should increase in proportion to a person's income plays which role in the argument?
• A pharmaceutical company claims its new drug reduces blood pressure in most patients with mild hypertension. The company argues the drug should be adopted.
• Which of the following most accurately describes the role played by the claim that fish have gills?
• Todd and Andy disagree about the truth of which statement?
• In the context of Evaluate The Argument, what is the best way to assess whether a choice strengthens or weakens the argument?
• Which argument is most similar to the flaw of inferring broad conclusions from a small, unrepresentative sample?
• A small study found that a diet reduces cholesterol by 15 points in participants after 6 weeks. The study suggests the diet should be recommended.
• In a flaw question, what is the best approach to identify the potential flaw before looking at the answer choices?
• Randy and Salvatore disagree about whether to invest in renewable energy. The point at issue is whether:
• Amy's reply uses a conditional implying funding is necessary for the plan. Which conclusion is most likely?
• If A implies B and B implies A, and A is true, what can be asserted about B?
• Which of the following best describes a questionable argumentative strategy when the argument relies on popularity to justify a policy?
• If E and F are independent with P(E)=0.6 and P(F)=0.5, what is P(E ∨ F)?
• When is the biconditional P <-> Q true?
• Which of the following would be most helpful to know in evaluating the argument?
• Two fair coins are flipped. What is P(at least one head)?
• Which fallacy is present in the argument: If P then Q; Q; Therefore P?
• Given A is a subset of B and A ∩ C = ∅, what is A ∩ C?
• If exactly two of P, Q, R are true and P is true while Q is false, what is R?
• Which statement best describes a correct approach to strengthen/weaken questions?
• A puzzle has three options and you guess randomly; how many possible outcomes are there?
• A study claims that the policy reduced crime because more police were deployed coinciding with the timing. The flaw is not accounting for other factors such as baseline crime trends; Which term best identifies this flaw?
• What does P <-> Q being true imply about P and Q?
• If A -> B and not B, what can be concluded about A?
• When evaluating a Method of Reasoning question, what should you do if an answer choice mentions an alternative option that is not present in the argument?
• A university claims that a new language program improves student fluency. The conclusion is that the program should be adopted.
• A plan to reduce energy usage proposes that if households switch to LED lighting, the national energy bill will drop by 20% within a year. The plan assumes savings from one program will extrapolate nationally without accounting for variations in household size and usage. Which of the following, if true, identifies a flaw in the plan?
• All A are B; No B are C. What is necessarily true about A and C?
• A city council plans to fund a new light-rail line to reduce congestion. The conclusion is that the project should be funded.
• How many permutations of 3 distinct items exist?
• If P → Q is true, what can be said about the contrapositive ¬Q → ¬P?
• All A are B; No B are C; Some D are A. If these statements are true, which must be true?
• If valid, which principle best justifies the scientist's reasoning?
• If A ∪ B = A, what can we say about B?
• If a set X contains n elements and you remove one element, how many elements remain?
• Which of the following would most strengthen the scientist's claim?
• If a sequence doubles each step starting with 3, what is the 5th term?
• Is a valid argument guaranteed to have a true conclusion if the premises are true?
• Which approach would be least effective at strengthening the argument?
• In a necessary-assumption question, what is true of the correct answer?
• All passing students attend the ceremony. Some ceremony attendees are not in the science track. Which statement must be true?
• A restaurant claims customers will return because of its loyalty program.
• A team is divided into Camp A (supports the project) and Camp B (opposes). At least one Camp A member argued for cost savings. Which statement is most strongly supported?
• Which option represents a valid way to strengthen an argument that generalizes from a small sample?
• What is the name of the fallacy when one concludes P from P -> Q and Q?
• Which option most closely resembles the principle illustrated by the passage?
• Which of the following, if true, helps reconcile the statements above?
• Which argument is most similar in pattern to the mayor's argument that a policy will reduce crime because a neighboring city implemented it and saw improvement?
• If A is a subset of B and A is a subset of C, what is A ∩ B ∩ C?
• Which contains questionable reasoning most similar to that in the argument above?
• Which statement would be most helpful to determine must-be-true status of the claim?
• Which one illustrates a principle most similar to that illustrated by the passage?
• Which is the first step in solving a Role (paradox) question?
• If every observed swan so far is white, can we conclude all swans are white?
• A city asserts that a new bus route reduces commute time for most riders.
• Which argument is most similar in its flawed use of evidence to the mayor's argument that a program will reduce crime based on a similar program in another city?
• In principle-justify questions, if the stimulus presents a principle, what should you pick?
• If A -> B and B -> A, what is true about A and B?
• If P ∨ Q is false, what can be said about P and Q?
• Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the people mentioned continued to grow beans?
• In a multiple-choice item with five possible answers, how many choices does the test taker have?
• Which statement best describes what the 'Method of Reasoning' question focuses on?
• If not P implies Q and not P implies R, what can be deduced about Q and R?
• If P -> Q and Q -> R, and P is true, what is true about R?
• If the plan is approved, profits will increase. The plan is approved. Which must be true?
• If A = B and B ⊆ C, is A ⊆ C?
• Given All A are B and No B are Z, No A are Z is...
• Some A are B. No B are C. What can be concluded about Some A are not C?
• Two speakers discuss carbon taxation. The point at issue is whether carbon taxation should be implemented.
• If A → ¬B and B → ¬A, what can be concluded about A and B?
• In a parallel reasoning question, what is the key step after identifying the main conclusion?
• A university reduces tuition by 10% to attract more applicants.
• Which statement best captures what the 'main conclusion' is in a method of reasoning question?
• If A ∩ B = ∅ and A ⊆ C, what can be said about B ∩ C?
• If All A are B and No B are Z, is the conclusion No A are Z valid?
• If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A, what can be concluded about A and B?
• Which of the following, if true, does the most to reconcile the apparent conflict in the system described above?
• Which of the following is a credible tactic to paraphrase the conclusion without quoting it directly?
• Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the apparent conflict in the described system?
• In a sufficient-assumption question, what best describes the role of the correct answer?
• Is the argument form 'If P → Q; Q; Therefore P' valid?
• In a must-be-true question about whether two speakers agree or disagree on a claim, what evidence is required to conclude that they either agree or disagree?
• If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C, which statement must be true?
• Which of the following employee behaviors most clearly conforms to the company policy outlined above?
• Which option demonstrates parallel reasoning to the pattern used in the argument that a policy will work because it has done so in a similar context?
• If A → B and B → C, what can we conclude about A → C?
• In which argument is the reasoning most similar to the professor's argument about the single observation generalizing to a universal rule?
• Which approach helps identify the 'Main Conclusion' in an argument that uses multiple premises?
• The reasoning above most closely conforms to which principle?
• In a resolve-the-paradox question, what is your overarching goal?
• In a resolve-the-paradox question, what is the recommended approach?
• Which of the following is a questionable argumentative strategy employed in the argument that the policy should be adopted because a majority supports it?
• If P and Q have the same truth value, P <-> Q is true.
• Can P ↔ Q be true if P is true and Q is false?
• The claim in the first sentence of the passage plays which role in the argument?
• If A ⊆ B and A ∩ C = ∅, which statement is necessarily true?
• If P ↔ Q and Q ↔ R, what can be concluded about P and R?
• If A maps to B and B maps to C, what does A map to?
• All S are T. If some U are S, what can be concluded about Some U are T?
• A software update promises improved security because it uses a newer encryption standard.
• Which description best identifies the core flaw in arguments that generalize from a single case?
• Which statement best describes how to determine what the argument is about in a reasoning problem?
• If A → B, B → C, C → D, and A is false, which statement must be true?
• What best characterizes a flaw question?
• The plan to cut transit funding is flawed because it assumes that savings from reduced service will not reduce ridership; it fails to consider long-term effects.
• The answer to which of the following questions would contribute most in evaluating the argument?
• In a parallel reasoning question, what is the essential first step?
• If P → Q, and Q is true, which statement about P is correct?
• If two events E and F are independent with P(E) = 0.6 and P(F) = 0.5, what is P(E ∧ F)?
• Which option best describes how to identify the main conclusion in a reasoning problem?
• Which of the following conforms most closely to the principle illustrated above?
• If A is sufficient but not necessary for B, which statement is true?
• The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to which of the following?
• In evaluating arguments, which choice best describes the function of an assumption in most deductive reasoning tests?
• A city proposes to build a bike lane to reduce car traffic. Which assumption is necessary for the conclusion to hold?
• If All A are B and No A are C, which of the following correctly describes A ∩ C?
• Which statement best captures the purpose of identifying the main conclusion in an argument?
• Syllogism: All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore Socrates is mortal.
• Heather and Mike disagree about whether the policy will increase costs. Which statement reflects their disagreement?
• There exists at least one robot; All robots are inspected daily; Some inspected devices are not robots. Which statement must be true?
• If A maps to B, B maps to C, and C maps to D, what does A map to?
• Which statement would most undermine the argument that the plan will save money?
• All X are Y. Some Y are Z. What can be concluded about Some X are Z?
• Some pharmacists insist on more testing; Others believe it's unnecessary. Which statement is most strongly supported?
• Which of the following describes how premises relate to the conclusion in a standard argument?
• For strengthen/weaken questions, which perspective should guide your approach?
• In evaluating an argument, which feature has the greatest impact on the argument's validity?
• A tutoring program improves test scores for most participants. The argument: expand the program.
• In a valid deductive argument with true premises, is the conclusion necessarily true?
• In the sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, what is the next term?
• Product A is either X or Y. All X are expensive. Some Y are affordable. Which inference is most strongly supported?